Resumen En el presente estudio pretendemos analizar diferencias y semejanzas de las características generales existentes en la producción de los actos de habla de petición en chino y en español. Los resultados obtenidos son los siguientes: 1) En la realización de la petición en chino, la atenuación de la fuerza ilocutiva puede lograrse mediante modificaciones internas y externas; en español, no obstante, se consigue a través del empleo de estrategias convencionalmente indirectas. 2) En español, los actos de habla de petición son relativamente más homogéneos, dado que en dicha lengua se observa menor uso de las modificaciones, sean internas o externas, y de marcadores de apertura. 3) En la comunicación intercultural, los choques comunicativos pueden suceder con más frecuencia en las modificaciones internas, en el movimiento de apoyo y en los marcadores de apertura, debido a que en dichos aspectos se observan mayores diferencias y éstas pueden dar origen a transferencias comunicativas erróneas.

Abstract In this study, we aim at analyzing differences and similarities of the general characteristics existing in the production of speech acts of petition between Chinese and Spanish languages. The following results are obtained: 1) When we issue the petition in Chinese, the weakening language behavior can be achieved through internal and external modifications; however, in Spanish the weakening language behavior is achieved through the use of conventionally indirect strategies. 2) In Spanish, since neither the internal modifications or external modifications nor the opening markers are used in this language, the speech acts of petition are relatively simple. 3) In intercultural communication, communication clashes occur more frequently in the cases of internal modifications, in the support movement and in the aleters, because more differences are observed in those aspects, which lead to negative transfer.

Abstract Based on a literary corpus, the objective of this work is to analyze the contrastive aspects of verbal courtesy and the use of treatment formulas in Chinese and Spanish culture. According to the analyzes based on the theories about verbal courtesy, we have achieved the following results: 1. The courtesy of Chinese culture confers a capital importance to collectivist values, however, the Spanish culture gives more importance to individual desires and needs; 2. Chinese people resort more frequently to treatment formulas in verbal communication than Spanish speakers, since in Chinese culture these are considered as a rule of verbal courtesy; 3. In Chinese there are more varieties of treatment formulas, so their use is more complex, in Spanish, however, it is homogeneous.

Resumen Basándose en un corpus literario, el objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar los aspectos contrastivos de la cortesía verbal y el uso de las fórmulas de tratamiento en la cultura china e hispanohablante. Según los análisis basados en las teorías sobre la cortesía verbal de Leech, Brown & Levinson y Gu, se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: 1. La cortesía de la cultura china confiere una importancia capital a los valores colectivistas, sin embargo, la hispanohablante da más importancia a los deseos y necesidades individuales; 2. Los chinos recurren con más frecuencia a las fórmulas de tratamiento en la comunicación verbal que los hispanohablantes, ya que en la cultura china estas se consideran como una regla de la cortesía verbal; 3. En chino existen más variedades de fórmulas de tratamiento, por lo que su uso resulta más complejo, en español, sin embargo, es homogéneo.

Abstract Poultry eggs are among the most important protein and nutrient sources in human diets. There are considerable differences in the evolutionary processes of different species. Therefore, we evaluated the differences and correlations among the microstructure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in duck, quail, goose, pigeon, dwarf chicken, ShanDong chicken, Rhode Island Red, and HeTian DaHei chicken eggs. The egg microstructures were polygonal, compact, and granular and showed no evidence of cross-linking. There was a significant variation among the eight poultry egg types in terms of yolk particle size (3829.34-10373.25 μm2), LDL level (0.023-0.048 mmol/l), and HDL level (3.39-7.98 mg/g). There were also significant differences among the chicken species in terms of yolk particle size (4070.87-8139.48 μm2), LDL level (0.028-0.047 mmol/l), and HDL level (3.57-7.98 mg/g). The yolk granules of local chicken breeds were smaller than those of typical egg-laying chickens. The LDL level weakly correlated with the size of egg yolk (r = 0.24)l there was a very weak correlation between HDL level and yolk particle size (r = 0.008). This study provides a theoretical basis for variations in the taste of eggs from different poultry species and sub-species.

Abstract Based on the literary corpus, this study aims to analyze the contrastive aspects of verbal politeness both in Chinese and Spanish and determine whether social variables have influence on the realization of the request in both languages. According to the analysis, we have achieved the following results: 1) Given the strategies of the head act, no matter the social variables or the situations, in both languages present directness and the preference of using direct strategies in carrying out the request 2) In Chinese, despite the variation of the combination of social variables, the use of internal and external modifications is habitual; however, a reduced use has presented in English 3) Compared with Spanish, openers are more frequently used in Chinese.

Resumen Basándose en un corpus literario, este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los aspectos contrastivos de la cortesía verbal en chino y en español y comprobar si las variables sociales influyen o no sobre la realización de la petición en las dos lenguas. Según los análisis, hemos conseguido los siguientes resultados: 1) desde el punto de vista de las estrategias de actos principales, casi independientemente de las variables sociales, en ambas lenguas se presenta la directividad y la preferencia de uso de las estrategias directas en la realización de la petición; 2) en chino, a pesar de la variación de la combinación de las variables sociales, el uso de las modificaciones internas y externas es habitual; sin embargo, en español se muestra igualmente un uso reducido; 3) en comparación con el español, en chino se utilizan con más frecuencia los marcadores de apertura.

Abstract A new MEFP warhead with seven arc-cone liners which can form 7, 13 or 19 penetrators at different standoffs is designed. Dispersion patterns and penetration properties of MEFP are performed on five #45 steel targets of dimension 160cm x 160cm x 1.5cm at various standoffs (45cm, 60cm, 80cm, 120cm, 170cm). It reaches the conclusion that every surrounding liner is broken into three penetrators during the formation process of MEFP and a group of aimable penetrators consisting a central projectile surrounded by 18 penetrators is finally formed. Maximum divergence angle of surrounding penetrator is 9.8° and the damage area reaches 0.37m2 at 1.7m. A nonlinear surface fitting about perforations information on the targets at different standoffs provides a method of predicting the dispersion patterns of MEFP. Once initiated, damage probability for defeating light armor of MEFP warhead with seven arc-cone liners is significantly improved and the results provide important reference to the design and optimization of MEFP warhead in engineering.